Article 12 – Constitution of India 

Article 12 – Constitution of India 

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Article 12 – Definition of State

Bare Act Text

In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State” includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India.

Explanation in Simple Language

This Article defines the term “State” for the purpose of enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

Illustrations

Statutory bodies and government-controlled authorities can be treated as State.

Important Case Laws

• Rajasthan Electricity Board v. Mohan Lal
• Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib

Practical Notes

The definition is interpreted broadly by courts.

FAQs

Q. Are private bodies included in State?
A. Only if they are financially, functionally and administratively controlled by the government.

Article 12 – Constitution of India 

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